Week 03: Sensors — Voltage Dividers, Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)

Description

Understanding analog sensing. Students learn to construct voltage divider circuits to read continuous environmental variations into 10-bit or 12-bit ADC channels.

Key Topics

• Voltage Divider Circuitry: $V_{out}=V_{in}\times \frac{R_2}{R_1+R_2}$ using resistive sensors.
• Sensor Calibration: Dynamic range auto-calibration in firmware (map(), constrain(), rolling averages).
• Multi-Sensor Arrays: Phototransistors, ultrasonic distance (HC-SR04), PIR motion detectors, and Hall effect magnetic sensors.